Managing Culture and Change Essay

The present scenario has made the future of organizations uncertain. Companies that are excelling in their relevant industries right now may be pushed out in the near future by upstarts with better ideas and more versatility than them. It has happened so often in the past that the only certainty is that it will keep on happening in the future. The only long term sustainable competitive advantage that organizations can hope to create is through their people, and the behaviour of these people is largely determined by the corporate culture in which they are immersed. A successful corporate culture will see the organization through the near future, but unless the organization is proactive in its bid to keep on adapting to the changing business environment, that same corporate culture may sound the death knell for the organization in the future. CORPORATE CULTURE AND PERFORMANCE The question on every entrepreneur, every CEO, and on every member of the Board of Directors’ mind since before the inception of the concept of an organization as an institution has been: how to make more money? Once this fundamental urge has been recognized one can comprehend the reason behind the actions of the above-mentioned in ensuring the success of their respective organizations, as the evidence of past decades have proved that organizational success is the key determinant of greater financial reward for them; hence stemmed the need to identify the factors that would translate into success for an organization. The idea that an organizations culture would influence its performance is hardly new. ‘Search of Excellence’, published in 1982 and authored by Waterman and Peters made the concept famous, and in 1992 in ‘Corporate Culture and Performance’, Hesket and Kotter compared various organizations and the relation of their performance within a time period with their cultures. But with increasing research being conducted on the correlation between an organizations vision and the employees’ actions, doubt is cast on the efficacy of expecting that an organizations culture will determine its performance. Instead, consensus is being established that a few core values largely determine the success or failure of organizations. SUCCESS Success of an organization can be defined differently depending on the industry in which the organization operates. An organization in a high risk industry can view success as the ability to survive all these years. Another organization may view continuing growth over and above competitors as success, while still another might seek to become the market leader in its particular industry in order for it to be considered a success. Pyramid of Organizational Development Whatever the perception an organization has, in order to be successful an organization needs to follow six steps or tasks at each level of its growth in order for it to succeed at all of those stages. It needs to determine its market niche in which it will operate, develop the product/service accordingly, acquire the relevant resources be they land labour or capital, develops a system of standardized procedures for operations, and then the same for management, and finally, develop a corporate culture that management perceives as being important to lead the firm. Before any further discussion can be carried out, corporate culture must be defined as, a structure of collective values and beliefs that work together with the systems, the organizational structure, and the employees to produce norms, which then turn into what is necessary to the organization, and the processes of getting things done – the how and the why. It is an intangible aspect of an organization that cannot be seen, touched, heard or smelt, but is present nonetheless and which ultimately determines whether that organization will succeed or not. It is the core values that were mentioned earlier, to produce the norms that determine the behaviour of the employees, which ultimately determines the productivity and thus success of the firm. The steps taken together are framed as a hierarchical model into a pyramid of organizational development that emphasizes the importance of each step for the organizations development depending on the stage of growth the organization is in at that point. The last three of the steps form the structure that will be the sustainable competitive advantage of the firm, inimitable by competitors, thus ensuring long term success for the firm. ROLES OF CORPORATE CULTURE Corporate culture by itself plays several roles in the organization. It develops a cultural identity in an employee by establishing a commitment of the employee to achieving the organizations goals and objectives. That identity serves to increase the devotion and involvement of the employee by making him/her reconcile the organizations success as his/her own. Corporate culture also uses a deductive approach to align an employee’s behaviour with acceptable norms that have been already determined by the organization so that it need not worry about policing the employee to do what is right according to the organization. Instead of the management having to interfere now the employee’s peers can bring a maverick back in line with acceptable behaviour as determined by the values of the organization. In addition to these, an organizations culture acts as a motivational tool that is more effective than managerial insistence. However, if the organization’s stated values are out of sync with the culture that is being promoted the employees will become disillusioned with the organization and its stated commitment to quality of work life as the rewards will be based on the stated values as opposed to what the prevailing organizational culture promotes. TYPES OF CORPORATE CULTURE Strong The desired roles that the culture of the organization is to play and reality may starkly differ depending on the type of culture that is prevalent in the organization. A Strong Culture is reminiscent of an organization that spends a significant amount of time and resources in communication and reinforcement by management of the values of the organization to the various employees. This is facilitated by having well-defined vision and mission statements that have been established with the help of both the top and bottom rung of the organization. In addition, these statements and their espoused values are adopted by top management and thus succeed in their task of influencing the employees by convincing them of their commitment to the organization and its value system. Weak On the other hand a Weak Culture is quite the opposite, in its lack of cultural identity and the divergence of employee behaviour and organizational goals. A weak culture also involuntarily imparts an image of punishing those employees that might be working towards organizational success, through the actions of their peers who have this weak corporate value system ingrained into them. Thus there is little allegiance to the organization and little unity inside it. Unhealthy An Unhealthy corporate culture rests on the basis that change is undesirable. In such an environment risk-taking and experimentation for the sake of innovation is frowned upon, and so the organization has to seek ideas outside the firm for better practices and approaches. This is a costly result of the politicized environment that prevails in such an organization, where decisions are made based on the power wielded by the participants and not on the value of their respective input. Adaptive The fourth type of culture in an organization is an Adaptive one which is contrary to the unhealthy culture in its regard for entrepreneurial activities. Such an organization is a proactive entity that actively seeks out innovative and experimental solutions to any issues that might have to be faced. Risk taking is encouraged to the extent that employees might be funded to bring their ideas to life, in the recognition that successful adaption to the environment through risky enterprises enable the organization to prosper over its competitors. CONFLICT IN CORPORATE CULTURE An organizations culture is influenced by the social power of relationships, more specifically, the potential loss of those relationships. This invokes cognitive dissonance in a person more than does any other action, and thus motivates us the most to make sure that such a situation does not arise. From this motivation an organizations culture is developed as a means to protect these relationships, leading to the theory of conflict resolution and culture development. Social influences in the form of formal and informal networks, family networks, relationships with leaders, and legal regulations are what determine the behaviour of a person in an organization with regards to conflict resolution. Although conflict invariably leads to closer bond in relationships than before, it can also lead to rejection or coercion by one or both party. The conflict can only be resolved when both parties either cooperate in or reject the relationship. The eventual conflict resolution results in a differing viewpoint held by the onlookers as either a matter of public discourse or of private thought, which viewpoints are shared with others depending on the closeness of their relationship. And while cooperative conflict resolutions foster greater trust and unity, competitive conflict resolution in hierarchically dominated organizations, where management often passes judgement rather than mediates, results in a chasm between formal and informal cultures that causes a drop in organizational performance. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGERS Human Resource Management has become an increasingly important function in organizations with the findings of several researches supporting the relation between high-performance and HR practices. The recognition through these researches that the only long term sustainable competitive advantage that an organization enjoys is the capabilities of its human resource has further caused organizations to reinvent this previously neglected function as well as resulted in an increase in the perceived advantages of a strategically-focused Human Resource Department. Amongst these, cultural management is an important benefit that pertains to the development, communication, reinforcement, and change of the corporate culture to the employees. SUCCESSFUL CORPORATE CULTURE An organization’s corporate culture can either hinder or contribute to the success of a firm by influencing the behaviours and attitudes of employees with respect to the overall organizational strategy. A corporate culture that promotes behaviours that are aligned with the company’s values provides guidance to the employees with respect to the accepted norms of the organization and reinforces those peer actions that support the desired culture. The HR as the manager of the corporate culture aligns its own practices in an effort to increase commitment amongst employees towards achieving the desired vision of the organization by reaching their performance targets, and by engaging in adaptive and innovative entrepreneurial activities. A successful corporate culture is one which supports the organizations execution of its strategy, with the help of HR managers, who align the desired values of the organization with the values that are actually prevalent. While some organizations seek to prescribe specific corporate values that will lead to greater performance, it has been discovered that instead it is the fit of these values to the internal and external realities of the organization – the employees’ behaviour and the business environment – that the HR must focus on as a culturally compatible management system. To do so, the practices of the HR Management, more specifically, the staffing, training and development, incentive and payment packages, performance appraisals and job design, all become areas where HR can influence the cultural communication strategy. As a company that dedicated its existence to the production and sale of coffee, Starbucks has experience phenomenal growth to reach its current market leadership position. From generating sales of $122 million in 1993, Starbuck’s has grown to such an extent that its competitors have less outlets in all of the United States than Starbucks has in California. And the stated reason by its CEO, Howard Schultz, for this success is its people. â€Å"The way we treat our people affects the way they treat our customers and, in turn, our financial performance. † In lieu of this statement Starbucks offers good quality of work life to its employees, adopts diversity as an integral part of doing business, maintains a high standard in its production processes, develops its customers, engages in Corporate Social Responsibility, and recognizes the importance of maintaining profitability as a means of continued success. NOT-SO-SUCCESSFUL CORPORATE CULTURE Unfortunately, discovering the right fit of values that an organization can use as a component of its successful corporate strategy can become ‘the winner’s curse’ if left unmonitored, for while it is difficult to change any culture in any organization, changing a seemingly successful culture is next to impossible. No one wants to mess with a winning formula, whether due to superstition, the belief that it will weather any competition, or due to inability to accept that the environment has changed. Whatever the reason, history is replete with examples of how successful companies were brought to their knees by a more versatile competitor. The US automobile industry was indifferent of the lower-costing, higher-quality Japanese cars until it was too late, believing that the Japanese cars were just a momentary novelty. In the same way, until sales started decreasing fast Sears remained ignorant of the changes brought to the organizations environment by Wal-Mart. The McDonnell Douglas Corporation is another example of a company that failed to adapt to the changing environment, and was acquired by Boeing. Core Rigidities Inducting the use of Standard Operating Procedures as a means to increase production by cutting down on wastage of time and resources, while beneficial in producing economies of scale can be harmful to the future success of the firm as well. These procedures and routines can serve as a source of suitable solutions to any problems that might be faced, but in doing so negate the possibility of searching for knowledge and innovation outside the organization. Consequently the core competency of the firm is transformed into the core rigidity as exploration is shelved for exploitation. In addition to which, the feedback from the use of SOPs is ignored due to selective filter of already existing procedures which siphon out any corrective measures that the feedback might have been trying to highlight. This is largely due to the fact that no firm can keep changing forever. There is an absorptive capacity for every organization beyond which it is incapable of adapting to any more change. Crisis The only way to break out of such a potentially hazardous ‘advantage’ is for there to be an existence of a crisis that jolts the organization out of its routine. Some companies even try to introduce the perception of a crisis in the organization in order to stimulate innovation, such as Hewlett Packard, following the story by Sturgeon, ‘Microcosmic God’ in which Sturgeon talks of a miniature world which is introduced to numerous difficulties such as earthquakes, and droughts, and whose inhabitants are forced to either evolve or die out. While such practices might seem unethical it is disputed whether it is more advisable to let a firm fail because the leader of the organization could not bring it upon himself/herself to fool the employees for their future benefit. CONCLUSION If an organization’s successful culture eventually ends up costing the organization in the future, can it really be deemed a ‘successful’ corporate culture? Up to the limit of an organization’s absorptive capacity, a successful corporate culture should be redefined as a culture that while maintains all the characteristics as mentioned previously, is also a culture that can recognize that no matter what the fit of the organization’s culture is at present, that fit can change, and the possibility of that change should not be ignored, rather it should be actively sought out. And while it is a difficult thing to change a culture at any point, the organization should be ready to do so if it is to maintain its competitive advantage and not be replaced by a more nimble and recent competitor like Sears was by Wal-Mart. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cummings, T. G. & Worley, C. G. (2005) Organization Development and Change. USA. Thomson South-Western. Davenport, T. H. & Prusak, L. (2000) Working Knowledge. Harvard Business Press Hassard, J. & Pym, D.(1993) The Theory and Philosophy of Organizations. Routledge Hitt, M. A. , Hoskisson, R. E. & Ireland, R. D. (1998) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Cengage Learning Kono, T. & Clegg, S. (1998) Transformations of Corporate Culture. Walter de Gruyter Kotter, J. (1992) Corporate Culture and Performance. Free Press. Thompson, A. A. Jr. , Strickland III, A. J. & Gamble, J. E. (2006) Crafting and Executing Strategy. United States. McGraw-Hill Balkaran, L. (1995) Corporate Culture. Find Articles [Internet]. Available from [December 19, 2008] Denison, D. How your corporate culture can impact your business performance. IMD Webletter [Internet]. Available from [December 19, 2008] Flamholtz, E. & Hua, W. (2002) Strategic Organizational Development and the Bottom

Multiple Relationships

Multiple relationships, being in not just one relationship but more. Why is it so connected to ethics? For the reason that generally, when we hear it the first time, we most likely to think of infidelity, a betrayal to a partner. And infidelity is related to ethics, opposition that is. Â  How could we possibly overcome this? We must first recognize what ethics is, and then figure out why people engage in multiple relationships. According to the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics of Santa Clara University, ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. These ethical standards pertain to sensible duty to avoid doing criminal acts, to initiate virtues and issues on rights which are sustained by reliable and justifiable grounds. Ethics could also mean that we should stay to live up to what society had strongly built. This means to say that ethics cannot be lock up to religion, for religion could only relate to religious people and anything concerning with religion. Same thing with law which often included these ethical standards that most general public follow yet it can be disagreed to but with punishments to be face. There are reasons why people engage in multiple relationships: they are unsatisfied with their partner, can it by intimacy, passion, commitment; they can no longer get hold of long-distance relationship; they saw somebody better or basically they just fell out of love, and that they cannot afford not to have a companion, that is, they don’t want to be alone. Multiple relationships deviate to ethics when it supposedly mess up one’s own objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing his or her functions in society, or if not risks exploitation or harm the person with whom he or she has relationship with. But no matter how ethics intervenes to this issue, we cannot get away with the fact that influence of media which involves liberal behavior leads to having rational minds and non-judgmental attitude in understanding multiple relationships. We became so open with such possibilities that these things happen without preferences. There are really people who cannot settle with just one relationship, unsatisfied with what they have, and leads to finding and having somebody else to be with. Bibliography Multiple Relationships and APA's New Ethics Code: Values and Applications By Dr. Stephen Behnke, APA Ethics Director Print version: page 66 : Standard 3.05 Multiple Relationships http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan04/ethics.html What is Ethics? Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer., Surveyed by Sociologist Raymond Baumhart http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/whatisethics.html

Business Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages

Business Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages Introduction The purpose of this report is to discuss the both the advantages and disadvantages of using Business Intelligence within a business. As well as to discuss the potential algorithms which could be used to achieve datamining which will allow for discovery of information who may be existing or potential future customers. By the end of this report I aim to make it clear the advantages of incorporating these tools and techniques within the business, and the benefits that will be seen. Business Intelligence Business Intelligence (Business Intelligence , 2007) is a collection various technologies and tools which are used for collecting, organizing and analysing data and information, and then providing the user with the information in a form which will help them with making business decisions. There are 3 major parts to business intelligence Reporting, Integration and Analysis. Reporting is essentially the creation and use of reports, while integration is about taking da ta from a source and being able to modify it to fit another purpose and data source. Finally, Analysis is the producing and organizing structures that have been filled with data taken from a separate source, commonly tools such as OLAP (OLAP, n.d.) (Online Analytical Processing) are used in order to achieve this. This process if often referred to as Data Mining. Using Business Intelligence has numerous advantages and is something that every company should consider using. One of its most obvious advantages is that it can help show trends and correlation in statistics (E.G user activity, sales, and complaints) and this can then be used by businesses in order to improve. Another considerable advantage of using Business Intelligence is also the reliability of the presented information and allows for relatively accurate prediction which greatly improves planning. Although it should be noted that there are some disadvantages to using Business Intelligence, this is that the historical data that is recorded needs to be stored somewhere, and this takes up more memory, which not only means more cost in storage, but also a speed reduction as there will be a huge amount data to be analysed. Another notable disadvantage is the potentially high initial cost, as well as maintenance cost, and although these costs should pay for themselves with improved decision making there is a possibility of the investment not paying off. There are not many disadvantages to using business intelligence, but they should still be taken into consideration. (Disadvantages of Business Intelligence, n.d.) A good example of business intelligence being used by other recognisable companies is that Netflix (Business Intelligence, 2015), the online media streaming service, using this system of business intelligence to work out which shows will be popular, and which of their categories may need a little reworking. This gives them the information they need to stay ahead of the curve and to make sur e the shows that remain on the site are popular. Datamining algorithms With computers being used more and more within businesses, the information that the business needs to function is also stored on these computers (E.G Sales records, customer information etc.) so the ability to scan and analyse these massive amounts of information is incredibly beneficial to not only making business based decisions, but to predict sales trends or areas in need of improvement. There are a wide range of different Data Mining algorithms available to use, the ones discussed here will be the Decision tree, Bayesian Classification as well as K-Means. I have chosen to discuss and compare these 3 as they are quite different in how they operate.    One of the most commonly used Data Mining algorithms is the Decision Tree (Decision Tree Algorithm, n.d.), at the top of the decision tree we have a Root, which is essentially a check on an attribute, and from there the answers to the check make the bran ches. The leaves of the tree are in fact formed from each class label. The advantages of using this algorithm compared to the others is that in order to function it requires to prior knowledge of the domain, the other huge advantage which makes an attractive solution is that it is also very easy to follow and understand compared to more complex algorithms. The complexity for this algorithm can be worked out by the number of leaves that the decision tree has. This algorithm is often called ‘Supervised Learning’, this basically means that the data is already labelled within classes. ( Image taken from ( http://www.saedsayad.com/decision_tree.htm (Decision Tree Algorithm, n.d.) ) The second mostly commonly used algorithm for Data Mining is known as Bayesian Classification (Bayesian Classifcation, n.d.), this algorithm effectively works via predicting the probability that a pattern or set of information belongs to a specific class. This algorithm is often favoured am ong the Data Mining techniques for its efficient results, although it needs to be taken into consideration that if the data is highly random then another algorithm would be preferred over the Bayesian Classification. It is also not recommended to use this algorithm with small data sets as this came mean a very low precision as well as recall. Although this algorithm might seem simple, it’s also highly accurate and is used often in filtering software (email spam, language filters). This algorithm is a supervised learning, as the user provides it with an already labelled dataset. The third algorithm which should be considered for the Crowd Funding System is ‘K-Means’ (k-means, n.d.). This algorithm works by creating groups based on the set of objects this results in the in the members of the group more similar, this algorithm is often referred to as ‘Cluster Analysis’. ‘Cluster Analysis’ is a collection of different algorithms which all follow the same pattern (Clusters, n.d.). The pattern being that they create groups (or clusters) in a way which means that the cluster members are much more similar as opposed to non-grouped members. This is not quite unsupervised nor supervised learning, this is because the user states the number of clusters needed, but it still features unsupervised learning as well as the algorithm learns where the cluster belongs without the user needing to provide it with any more information. I’ve compared 3 algorithms, a decision tree based one, a clustering based one and a naà ¯ve one. My recommendation for use with the Crowd Funding Software would be the Decision Tree, this is for a number of reasons, the first being that it’s extremely easy to follow, even by someone who has no prior knowledge to the algorithm. Also because it’s easy to follow and understand it’s also easy to maintain and tweak it depending on the circumstance. Another major reason that I wo uld chose decision tree is that they work quickly as well being non-parametric. Non-parametric means that the algorithm doesn’t need specific data distribution in order to function. Data-mining advantages and disadvantages The main advantage of using Data-Mining for the Crowd Funding System would be that it could use ‘Affinity Analysis’ (Affinity Analysis, n.d.), this is basically a scan off all the customers previous shopping history and then be able to advertise to them directly. This applies to the Crowd Funding System as we can use data mining to find out what projects a customer prefers and then advertise those projects directly to them. (E.G If a particular user often supports Gaming Software projects on the webpage, then we can use this information to have all Gaming Software projects as the top hit on their home page.) Affinity Analysis can often be used to detect fraud, which is useful for any company. Another advantage that this business can gain fr om Data Mining is Customer Segmentation, this is the process of breaking the customers down into smaller group based on say age, occupation or even gender. The advantage of doing this is that you can then target your advertisement to people who will be highly interested, and the more effective the advertising the more money people will donate to the projects. This applies directly to the Crowd Funding Systems first example, using this customer segmentation the film writer / director will be advertise her project to all her previous fans, or even people who are interested in that genre, this will mean she can reach a much more interested user base. The other huge advantage of Data Mining that can be applied to the CFS is that it can help to achieve Sales Forecasting, this is exactly what it sounds like, and it uses previous sales records to relatively accurately provide predictions for future sales. This can be used by the system for the second example the Kinect mobile phone battery , if they can predict how many donations the project is going to get they can either boost its advertisement, or perhaps communicate with the user that previous similar projects haven’t been able to reach their goal or at least direct them where they went wrong. One of the concerns the current business has is damage to its reputation, using data mining techniques they will be able to not only boost their donations and improve their advertisement, but also be able to learn more from the customers, and this can only be beneficial for the company. Donor exhaustion was also on the companies list of concerns, but data mining will be able to prevent this because it can be used to keep track of what advertisement has been sent to who, and what projects they are likely to bid on, so routinely changing the projects they are advertised will keep the users hopefully interested. CRM CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management (CRM, n.d.) And is used by businesses to keep their customers happy, it uses data mining techniques in order to get feedback and improve on their products constantly. The data mining algorithms discussed earlier are extremely useful for gathering and analysing information and data about customers and opinions on projects. We can then use this information to make improvements or changes where they are needed, and this will greatly increase customer satisfaction as customers will be able to see the changes they wanted. Although it is recommended to only try this with a vast amount of data, and huge amount of transactions. As smaller amounts of data can provide in accurate information. Using CRM will greatly improve the Crowd Funding Company’s reputation and mean they have a lot more satisfied donors. Conclusion In conclusion I strongly recommend that the crowd funding system decides to include data mining algorithms. It has a long list of advantages including sales prediction, improved advertisement, and mostly importantly i mproved customer satisfaction. I would also highly recommend the use of the decision tree algorithm as it’s easy to follow and can easily be modified depending on the information that needs to be collected. It should be noted that choice of data source is important, as some of them may provide useful information, but there are quite a few that should be ignored.   CRM should also be taken into consideration, as using this software has proven to greatly improve the publics opinion of a business. A modern business can’t afford not to use these data mining techniques, as failure to utilize these tools will mean a huge disadvantages against its competitors. The more information that can be collected from this companies customers, the more value the company can provide them, and the happier the customer the more donations that will be made. References Affinity Analysis . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_analysis Bayesian Classifcation . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_mining/dm_bayesian_classification.htm Business Intelligence . (2007, March 6). Retrieved from http://www.cio.com/article/2439504/business-intelligence/business-intelligence-business-intelligence-definition-and-solutions.html Business Intelligence . (2015, Febuary 26). Retrieved from http://businessintelligence.com/big-data-case-studies/data-driven-proof-netflix-needs-buy-blockbuster/ Clusters . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis CRM . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/CRM Decision Tree Algorithm . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.saedsayad.com/decision_tree.htm Disadvantages of Business Intelligence . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://business.mapsofindia.com/business-intelligence/disadvantages.html k-means . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering OLAP . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://olap.com/olap-definition/ S tar Schema Notes The use of BLOB is so that the users can store there video sales pitches within the database, after some research I realised there wasn’t a dedicated media storage format and instead have to suffice story it in binary.

Finance paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Finance paper - Assignment Example On June 25, 2002, one of the largest telecommunications company, WorldCom announced that its revenues in first quarter has been overstated by over $3.8 billion. This announcement came as surprise to the investors in financial markets. The company filed bankruptcy on July 21, 2002. Prior to the announcement, the share price of the company soared as high as $64.50/share in mid-90’s which came down to less than $2/share. Similar to case of Enron, the retirement benefits and savings plan of WorldCom heavily suffered as by end of 2000 the company had 32 percent of $642.3 million of retirement funds in form of stock options. Immediately after the emergence of the scandals, Bush Administration announced that will disqualify WorldCom form all existing Federal Government contracts. Further, the House Committee on Financial Services along with Senate Committee on Housing, Banking, and Urban Affairs investigated the cases related to recent accounting scandals of WorldCom and Enron. In response to these hearing SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) was enacted on July 30, 2002. The act recommended establishment of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board that develops standard accounting for audit and increases corporate social responsibility. The mortgage meltdown has been believed to actually begin with burst of US housing bubble in 2001 that sharply increased to maximum in 2005. The â€Å"bubble† is an economic condition that occurs in local or global real estate markets where the valuation of house properties reaches unrealistic and unsustainable levels. The research has found that many economists believed that US housing bubble was mainly caused from historically low interest rates. After the burst of â€Å"dot-com† bubble in 2000 and then consequently following recession, FED cut short term interest rates to from 6.5 percent to 1 percent. The US subprime borrowing

How stuff work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How stuff work - Research Paper Example This invention came into the limelight immediately because it was the key in solving one of the biggest environmental challenges-Oil spills and was concept of bioremediation since no harmful chemicals or other products were employed. Oil spills always have a catastrophic effect on the marine ecosystem as well as those who depend on the marine ecosystem .such as birds, fishing industry and tourism industry. The toxic oil stuck to the bird’s feathers prohibiting them from flying and has serious effects on the marine life as well. Until the invention of these microbes the cost of cleaning up the oil was extremely high. Using techniques such as dispersants or mechanical skimming cost almost $7,350 per metric ton of oil. Often oil was spilled in the middle of the ocean where logistics posed a great problem and in most cases only a mere 20% of the oil spilled could be cleaned up. However the invention of these oil-eating microbes have been a boon to mankind since these microbes make the cleaning up process practical, rapid and environment friendly. Production of Oil eating Bacteria Oil especially crude oil is composed of hydrocarbons. Many bacteria and fungi have the natural capability of breaking down oil into carbon dioxide and water however none of the naturally occurring bacteria could degrade all the components. While working with microbes he recognized the fact that microbial metabolism could be used for the process of bioremediation. Recombinant DNA technology also known as RDT is the technology used by biotechnologists and genetic engineers to transfer DNA or genetic material from one cell to another with the help of vectors or carrying bodies such as plasmids. Certain bacterial strains already bore the gene which encodes for specialized enzymes. These specialized enzymes have the capability of degrading oil, nullifying their toxicity and turning them into harmless products. Using recombinant DNA technology, Professor isolated the genes from these micr obes and integrated them into the vector plasmid DNA machinery. These plasmids were then integrated into strains of Pseudomonas bacteria. These genetically engineered bacteria were now made capable of producing enzymes on their own which could degrade oil and render them harmless. Working principle The entire working principle of the oil degrading microbes is based on the study of enzymes. The enzymes help the bacteria in obtaining their carbon from the oils. Once these microbes are put into the water containing oil, their only source of carbon is the oil on the water surface. The bacteria which can produce oil-degrading enzymes start production and utilizes the degraded oil as its energy resource. Hydrocarbon degrading enzymes such as alkane hydroxylase, catechol dioxygense are some of the enzymes that are encoded by the genes of some naturally occurring oil0degrading bacteria and which have been genetically transferred into Pseudomonas strain enabling the latter to break down a wi de variety of oil components (Peixoto et al,2011, p.2). The bacteria proliferates at the site of oil spill since large quantities of carbon resource is available. Problems

Target Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Target Corporation - Essay Example Target Corp. used credit lending as a form of ensuring there is return and profit from the credit. However, this happened at a time when there was an ongoing credit crisis. What comes out, therefore, is a possible scrutiny of the customers who were offered the credit that made the company so confident that there would be a return even if the general economic status was not friendly (Palepu & Healy, 2012). Second, is the issue of getting rid of credit defaulters in a corporation? For quite sometimes, the company has been engaged in a defaulter eradication process that has left Target dealing with only trusted clients with whom it was easy and safe to trust the credit. The third point that comes out from the article is the credibility of the company’s evaluation system that was able to predict returns on lending for a second time at a time when the credit market is in crisis. This reduced the losses because of client’s payment problems as well as renegotiations of terms of receivable because of customer’s difficulty. The fourth point to reflect on is the future of a risky process like this. Although Target showed considerably good profits from the process, there are concerns about the company’s sales, which have been on credit rather than on cash. When a company keeps adding on the bad-loans reserve, the losses are sure to catch up with the credit losses that will make the process unsustainable and lead to failure (Kieso, Weygandt & Warfield,

The Interaction Between an Individual and Society Research Paper

The Interaction Between an Individual and Society - Research Paper Example Human rationality implies, for enlightened thinkers, an attempt to know and understand the natural world, and the use of rational principles to solve social interaction problems. These attempts should culminate in the realization of enlightened faith and idealism in a utopian society. Nietzsche opposed this progress as being naà ¯ve but was unable to elude it. A second theme is those involving contradictions existing between commonality and individuality. Human consciousness was passive while accepting ideology, doctrine, orthodoxy and mass thinking, and it saw reality in the liturgy of vested interests. Ideology arises when a group advances certain socially constructed realities which serve their interests, but which are projected as being in everyone else’s best interests, even though others disagree or don’t understand it. Critical theory views rationality in terms of theoretical consistency and in the standards of pragmatic social reality. Rational planning for rea listic action involves regulative ideals, which have been formulated as enlightened possibilities for the acquisition of knowledge and proper conduct. Enlightenment’s theoretical reverence for reason proceeded in two opposing wrong directions. One became the instrumental reason for technological rationality and the other culminated in logical positivism which, understood knowledge only in logico-mathematical terms, denying any truth or practical relevance to values (Regelski, 2005). Historically, mobility, economy, technology and infrastructure rapidly transformed the metropolis, in disruptive and sometimes destructive ways.

Critical Literature Review on Gender In Leadership Essay

Critical Literature Review on Gender In Leadership - Essay Example Broadly speaking, when a leader motivates his subordinates, it means that one structures the work environment in such a way that their drives and needs are brought into play, instead of being neglected. This environment should be conducive to the satisfaction of those drives and needs so that workers may act in desired ways. However, leadership theories and concepts evaluate the effect of gender in leadership in terms of according the same prerogatives and benefits on equal terms. In this regard, the objective of the essay is to proffer a critical literature review on the topic of gender in leadership. Relevant research studies on the subject would be cited and significant points would hereby be highlighted, analyzed and evaluated in terms of presenting supporting or opposing viewpoints on gender in leadership. A study conducted by Christine R. Gedney, Major, USAF, entitled Leadership Effectiveness and Gender aimed to determine a correlationship between leadership effectiveness and gender through secondary sources of authoritative materials while seeking some explanation to her inquiry on identifying â€Å"why there is still a considerable absence in top military leadership by female officers† (Gedney, 1999, v). Initially, she provided essential qualities of effective leaders with the objective of indicating that â€Å"leadership effectiveness is not gender-specific, but there seem to be many attributes that are found in both males and females that lend themselves to becoming an effective leader† (Gedney, 1999, 2). Through her discussion of gender in leadership, the revealed that traditional views content a biased view of leaders to predominantly favor men over women. The author cited Kolb as indicating that â€Å"when we reviewed this literature we were struck by the prejudice against women. Research has demonstrated that there are

Network design paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network design paper - Coursework Example RIP is nominated by IETF as one of various other Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs). RIP works on distance learning vector algorithms while most of other protocols use sophisticated algorithms demanding time as well. (Dean, 2010, p. 274-275) RIP’s routing procedure is that its gateway router transmits complete information of routing table (that includes all the connected hops that are known to the gateway) to its nearest host after every 30 seconds. The neighboring router than pass the same information to its nearest neighbor other than from which it had received this information and process continues until every routers in the network has similar information of the routing paths. This condition is what we called network convergence. For determining distance of the network RIP uses process called hop count. Every hop in the network determines its neighboring hop(s) from routing table information for sending a packet to for a particular destination. Advantages of using RIP in th e network are: For small homogeneous networks RIP is considered as an effective solution. RIP is very easy to understand and configuring. It can be configured on all the routers present. Generally RIP is a loop free routing protocol but has limited scalability of around 15 hop maximum. Introduction to OSPF: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol implemented within large autonomous networks. OSPF is nominated by IETF as one of various other Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs). In a network where OSPF is used, if a router that receives a change in the routing table or identifies a modification in the network without delay multicasts this change information to every other host connected in the network with the intention that every host may have the similar information in the routing table. It only transmits the change that has occurred, not the entire routing table like RIP. It is a robust link-state routing protocol and is the most widely used Interior Gateway Protocol (I GP). It bases information on link-states that take additional network description into consideration. OSPF have functionality of prioritizing the path by assigning metric value to that path. For further dividing the subnets OSPF supports a variable network subnet mask. Advantages of using OSPF in the network are: Quickly responds to the network changes. Sends trigger updates when change occurs in the network. Use cost as metric for giving preference to the paths. It has protocol identifier of 89 in the IP address for OSPF packet identification. Summarizing the solution: As being the administrator of the company and as per the details given to me I know that my network running is RIP on it and has three networks while the merging company has one OSPF running network that means RIP networks outnumber the OSPF network so I do not prefer to change anything on my own network. For example if someone is the administrator of Windows server based sites and a new company is merging having Lin ux operating system. Although everyone knows that Linux has more advantages than windows but still would not feel easy to change my operating system. If to choose change than should also keep in mind that new Service-Level-Agreements, new suppliers, new business processes, new interfaces, etc and staff training as well. Why to this everything is running smoothly already. Our solution could have been a different if and

Essay on Assam Essay Example for Free

Essay on Assam Essay Assam has been aptly described by some as ‘the Shangrila of the North-Eastern India’ – a state having breathtaking scenic beauty, rarest floras and faunas, lofty hills, lush tea gardens, undulating plains, mighty waterways, dense forests, fertile valleys, etc. It lies as a jewel of exquisite beauty and charm on the Northeastern horizon of India. Since the days of Hiuen-Tsang it has fascinated the rest of the world with her aura of myth and mysteries, history and folklore, music and dance. Known as Pragjyotishpura (land of Eastern lights) in ancient time and Kamrupa in medieval times, Assam is the anglicised name for the state. The name of the state may have come from the word ‘Ahom the people who migrated to the Brahmaputra valley in the early 13th century and gave shape to the Assamese of today. The state lies between 89 °. 50†² to 96 °, 10†² E. longitude and 24 °. 30†² to 28 °, 40†² N. latitude. Seven Indian states and two foreign countries touch its boundary. Spread over an area of 78, 438 sq. km. State has a total population of 26, 638, 407 according to Census, 2001. We have a clear picture of Assam only from the early 13th cent, when the country was conquered by Ahoms. Later they were ousted by the Burmese, who handed over the area to the British by the treaty of Yandaboo in 1826. All the major races of the world such as, Austro-Asiatic, the Indo- Aryans, Indo-Tibetans, Indo-Burmese, Mongolians, etc. have combined to make the great Assamese people of today. Assam, however, has remained practically a land of Tibeto- Burmese people. Assamiya or Assamese is the lingua franca of the state. Assam can be divided into three natural regions, namely the Brahmaputra valley, the Barak valley and the Hilly regions. These regions are quite distinct from one another with regard to the composition of people, manner of living and culture. The mighty Brahmaputra along with Barak has nourished the state from time immemorial and has been a source of solace as well as a source of sorrow for the people of the state. The economy of the state is overwhelmingly agricultural and about 75% of the population directly or indirectly depends on this sector for their livelihood. Rice, fruits, aracanut, jute, sugar cane, and tea are the chief agricultural produce of the state. The state also produces nearly half of the country’s total output of tea. he state is rich in natural resources such as oil, gas, coal, and limestone. The perfect fusion of heritage, tradition, faiths, and beliefs of  numerous races has resulted in many festivals in the state. The main festivals of Assam are the ‘Bihus’ which are celebrated all over the state by every one with great pomp and grandeur. The most colourful amongst the three ‘Bihus’ is the spring festival known as Rongali Bihu. Nature has abundantly blessed Assam with charming sights and exciting natural scenery. Kaziranga National Park and Manas Sanctuary are the chief tourist centres famous for Royal Bengal tiger, one-horned rhinos and golden langur. The other attractions of the state are the famous Kamakhya temple near Guwahati, Umananda temple, Navagraha temple, Kareng Ghar, Rang ghar, Talatal Ghar, Majuli island, Jatinga, etc. Nestling in the Himalayan foothills the state is rich in cultural heritage, natural beauty, and mineral resources. There is no denying the fact that the state of Assam during the last fifty years has made great strides in many fields. But a lot more remains to be done to bring the state to the forefront of development and progress. Given better political stability, adequate stress on industrialisation, proper utilisation of resources available and less militancy, the state can leap forward to an era of prosperity and all-round development.

Left Sided Spastic Hemiplegia | Case Study

Left Sided Spastic Hemiplegia | Case Study Intervention Analysis Background Jane Walters is a five year old girl and has a diagnosis of left sided spastic hemiplegia, a form of Cerebral Palsy. Jane has two older sisters who attend horse riding lessons at their local stables. Jane has recently expressed an interest in joining them to her parents. However her parents are worried that because of her diagnosis she will not be able to keep up with her siblings. Jane is very aware of her condition, and has recently lost confidence, asking her parents why she is different from other children her age. Diagnosis Cerebral Palsy (CP) refers to non-progressive conditions characterised by impaired voluntary movement or posture, and resulting from prenatal developmental malformations or postnatal CNS damage (Reed, 2013, pp. 38-47). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2008), it is highly likely that a child with CP will have other medical disorders such as; cognitive impairments, seizures, delayed growth and development. Spastic syndromes such as Jane’s occur in more than 70 percent of CP cases. Spastic hemiplegia is a type of CP that typically affects the body down one side. The spasticity creates a state of resistance against any range of motion; this resistance ultimately increases with increasing speed of that movement (Reed, 2013, pp. 38-47). Children like Jane with spastic hemiplegia will generally walk later than other children and will tend to walk on their tiptoes because often they will suffer from high heel tendons. Often the arm and leg on the child’s affected side are shorter and thinner (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2008). Impact of Right Hemisphere Brain Damage- Jane has left sided spastic hemiplegia, indicating that damage to the brain has occurred in the right hemisphere. The primary cause of CP is damage to white matter of the brain this is often caused by abnormal brain development. This can be caused by a bleed on the brain, or by a lack of oxygen to the brain, generally caused by a difficult birth (NINDS 2008). It was important to consider additional complications related to right sided brain damage to ensure an awareness of Jane’s level of functional ability be it; physically, cognitively or behaviourally. Those that may relate to Jane’s case are listed below in table one. Table one: How damage to the Right Hemisphere can affect function and the occupation of horse riding. Jane’s diagnosis would mean that she would need input from a Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT). Given her age this would come from a community paediatric teams (CPT). The team will work closely with the children’s’ team in social services and primary care. The team will provide a range of assessments and interventions to young people and their families. In Jane’s MDT team there will be a range of different members such as: Physiotherapists, Paediatricians, Occupational Therapists, Social Workers, Speech and Language Therapists and Educational Psychologists (NHS 2012). According to the Disability Act Jane is entitled to an independent assessment of her individual needs. The act is designed to promote the participation of people with disabilities in society by supporting the provision of disability specific services (NCSE 2011). A standardised interview was used, this was to allow the OT staff to observe how Jane and her family interact with each other making it easier to; obtain information, identify strengths needs and goals as well as generate an intervention plan and enable goal scaling Due to Jane’s condition she would have already been known to social services and the MDT, as she had already received physiotherapy to aid with muscle stiffness and improve core strength. Therefore upon the OT department accepting Jane’s referral, an initial assessment was carried out in her home environment with mother and father present (An and Palisano 2013). Collaboration between professional ataff and Jane’s family is a vital component in family-centred services, this is considered best practice in early intervention and paediatric rehabilitation (An and Palisano 2013). Collaboration between the two parties is essential for setting meaningful and achievable goals for a child. Planning and implementing interventions must be able to fit within the context of family life. (An and Palisano 2013) The following strengths and weaknesses were identified during the initial assessment. Table two: Jane’s strengths and limitations During the initial assessment Jane’s mother expressed concerns about her core strength and whether this would affect Jane’s ability to ride. In order to address these concerns a Sitting Assessment for Children with Neuromotor Dysfunction (SACND) assessment was completed this is a clinical instrument to assess static and dynamic postural control in sitting in children with neuromotor dysfunction’ (Reid 1995) This standardised assessment was used to ascertain how Jane’s CP affects her ability to sit comfortably and concentrate. This skill will be essential if Jane wants to be able to sit upon a horse comfortably and be able to concentrate for the entire session. The SACND measures quality of independent sitting ability across four areas: proximal stability, postural tone, postural alignment, and balance (Knox 2002). The assessment revealed that Jane has weak upper trunk control and so will be issued a specially adapted chair which will enable her to sit more comfortably and for longer periods of time compared to standard chair. After both assessments were completed an intervention plan was made with input from Jane, her family and the occupational therapist. Jane identified her long term goal of horse riding and to achieve this long term goal, four short term aims were set to serve as recovery milestones (Duncan 2011). Table three: Jane’s long term aim and short term goals. Occupational therapists are not required to use a specific functional outcome assessment tool in the selection of their assessments. When a professional is selecting an assessment, they must rely on their clinical and professional judgment (Asher 2007). Therapists need to reflect on what it is that they intend to achieve with the assessment, and if this is managed the assessment can be classed as a success. One way of evaluating an assessment is to look at the performance of patients on an individual assessment task (Steultjens 2005). And will be able to question how well did the assessment relate to the goal setting and objectives for the patient (Duncan 2011). As part of the Model of Human Occupation horse riding will play a central part in Jane’s habituation. Not only will this establish a routine, it can be something that Jane can take pride in (Kielhofner and Forsyth 2011). Riding will help Jane build upon her self-confidence, having that natural trusting relationship with a horse that shows no judgment and does not understand that she is different (Horseback UK). The major concern that Jane’s mother presents is the worry that she will not be able to keep up with the physical requirements of riding and that this will dishearten Jane’s enthusiasm. This concern will be tackled in goal number four. Once Jane and her family have a better understanding of hemiplegic cerebral palsy, the OT can begin discussing, through the use of pictures how this may affect her. If Jane has a basic understanding of her condition it will be easier for her to set more realistic goals with the OT as she will have a greater awareness of what she is able to do and may struggle with. This will reduced the likelihood becoming distressed when trying to achieve goals her agreed goals, this will hopefully reduce mum’s concerns about the intervention plan. Jane feels her parents do not allow her to do as much as she would like to be able to do for fear of hurting herself or become too tired. The OT decided to make to make Jane aware of what fatigue is and may feel like. This would hopefully encourage Jane to let her mum or dad know when she is feeling tired. With this information Jane’s parents can keep a fatigue diary with Ellie. This will provide the OT with some information regarding when Jane feels most tired and how this impacts on her occupations. This can then be discussed with Jane’s parents and the RDA and suitable arrangements can be made regarding fatigue management as to when would be the most appreciate time for Jane to have her riding lesson when she has the most energy. Once a pattern of fatigue can be established the OT staff will develop strategies to manage Jane’s fatigue. For example Jane should engage in an activity that she finds relaxing such as reading, colouring or watching television. This can be done after more strenuous activity or in the morning if Jane is known to have a busy afternoon full of physical activities such as a riding lesson. If Jane is able to vary her day with relaxing and more strenuous activities, she will be able to conserve energy for the more strenuous activity of riding and therefore last the full hour lesson. This form of intervention uses the Compensatory Approach. The principle behind this approach is adapting to and compensating for a dysfunction rather than just treating the cause of the problem. Which in this is Jane’s cerebral palsy and her left sided weakness there is more of an emphasis on treating the symptoms (Feaver and Edmans 2006). Additionally, the Compensatory Approach may allow Jane to be able to regain a degree of her independence by compensating where the main cause cannot be treated. In Jane’s case this is managing and compensating on her weakness and fatigue, and therefore allowing her to conserve energy in order to complete a riding lesson (Addy 2006). The social approach recognises Jane as a social being who is easily influenced by the people around her. Therefore by using Jane’s whole family in her therapy and fatigue management, the professionals are integrating Jane’s social environment into her therapy (Polglase and Treseder 2012). Both interventions also reveal the perception of Jane by her social circle, thereby mitigating Jane’s fear about her social circle (Polglase and Treseder 2012). Jane has always said that Jane feels her parents do not allow her to do as much as she would like to be able to do for fear of hurting herself or become too tired. The treatment will require Jane to trust her parents and tell them when she is tired instead of retreating from her social circle (Martin 1998). In order to determine if Jane’s intervention has been a success we first evaluate it. Evaluation a professionals practice is one of the most important elements in occupational therapy; without it, the value of their intervention diminishes (Lawcett 2007). Evaluation is important as in theory it enables the OT and the client to see if intervention is affective. However it is vital that the client is willing to be part of the evaluation process, because if they are not this could present an incorrect evaluation of effectiveness of treatment (Lawcett 2007). There are four main was a professional can evaluate their intervention process these are; Using up to date outcome measures. Using valid and reliable evidence based outcome measures. Evaluate from view point of the service user Evaluate throughout therapy process, at end of intervention (Lawcett 2007). The success of Jane’s intervention plans can be evaluated by the ‘Goal Attainment Scale’(GAS) (King’s College London [no date]). The GAS is a measurement technique which consist of individualising a person’s outcome indicators (Turner-Stokes 2009). In order to evaluate the intervention the professional must first construct a list of thorough and complete outcome measures, which will then be given a numerical value to determine the success of the intervention (Kiresuk and Sherman 1968; Purkiss et al. 2013). Jane’s goals were based on a realistic forecast of her progress (May-Benson 2012) Jane’s performance was scaled into five levels, these reflected her actual performance in comparison to her expected outcomes (Kiresuk et al. 1994). Table four: Example of GAS goals used from Jane’s second RDA lesson. A score like this was recorded for each weekly session over the course of a month and a total was tallied at the end, scoring the intervention with a numerical value. The professional knew it would be vital to give Jane and her control in her treatment in order to motivate an improvement (Turner-Stokes 2009), hence it was decided that the GAS goals would be discussed at the end of the session, showing a level of improvement (King et al. 1999) instead of recording it as s pass, fail assessment (Turner-Stokes 2009).

Plagiarism and the Internet :: Cheating Education Essays

Plagiarism and the Internet The Internet’s popularity has continued to grow since it first emerged, shocking the world with its never before seen technological capacities. It allowed for the communication of ideas and provided people with a wealth of information only a click away. More widely used now then ever before, the Internet supplies users with easy access to various kinds of information. With the unlimited availability of information on the web today, plagiarism has become a growing problem. The abundance of information available makes it easier and increases the temptation to steal other’s ideas. Plagiarism, which is taking credit for someone else’s ideas, is sometimes committed intentionally and other times accidentally. Often, copyrights are violated. In order to prevent this crime form being committed it is necessary that society is educated about copyright law and understands how to properly cite source material. If people understand what plagiarism is and the consequen ces they will face if detected, perhaps it is less likely that they will plagiarize. Today, 49% of people use the Internet as a reference source (â€Å"How† 1). It contains a plethora of information, and documents found on the web can be of great use when doing research. However, if ideas, concepts, or words are taken from another author’s work, they must be properly cited. If they are not properly cited this is plagiarism, which is considered to be unethical act by society; it also violates copyright law, and thus is punishable by law. Often people do not realize that even if they are only paraphrasing or summarizing someone else’s work, idea, or concept and not directly quoting it they are still plagiarizing. Borrowing another person’s idea is permissible if credit is given to whom it is due. However, stealing someone else’s work or idea and acting as if it were your own is not. Thus, it is pertinent that proper citation is always used. If one fails to use proper citation, one is guilty of plagiarism, and may face legal c harges for copyright violations. Plagiarism is not always committed intentionally, but the people who purposely attempt to deceive others by stealing someone else’s ideas should take into account the seriousness of their actions and the consequences they may face if caught. For those people who are guilty of plagiarism, but did so unintentionally and were simply unaware of what they were doing should also take into consideration their actions to try to prevent this act from occurring again in the future.

Todays Drug Laws Essay -- Papers Society Laws Drugs Narcotics Essays

Today's Drug Laws Today?s drug laws seem to do more harm than good. The so-called drug war hasn?t seemed to be as effective as it was intended to be. Its original intent lies in its name, to attack the drug problem in America. Nixon started the war on drugs in the late sixties to stop drug abuse at the source, the distributors. Another intention for the war on drugs was to show individuals taking part in this illegal activity that their participation would cause serious consequences. The government has taken drastic measures to keep drugs out of our nations streets, from attacking the frontline in The Columbian drug fields, to making numerous drug busts in urban cities across the United States. However, these harsh but well- intentioned laws have been accused of infringing on America?s freedom. Some believe the people have a natural right to use drugs if they perfectly well chose to do so. Although the war on drugs has been going on for many years, drugs still remain a big problem in the lives of many Americans. Drug offenders as well as abusers are being punished with extreme penalties. Innocent people are suffering because of this. And finally, all the tax dollars going into this war seems to be in vain because its not progressing like it should. The American Government saw that drugs were repressing its citizens, which made them spring into action. The Government wanted to do whatever it took to rid its streets from drugs and crime, which in time the War on Drugs was created. Nixon launched programs with efforts to crackdown on illegal drug use. He created the Office of Drug Abuse and Law Enforcement (ODALE) and the Office of National Narcotics Intelligence (ONNI). In 1973, he also initiated Reorganization... ...tes these laws. Whether or not they are on the right track in solving the problem makes their intentions invalid. Harsh laws and the treat of jail will not stop drug abuse. We learned this from History. When the Prohibition law was passed in 1920, innocent people suffered, organized crime grew, government officials (police, court, politicians, ect.) became corrupt, disrespect for the law grew, and the consumption of prohibited substance increased. If America has learned anything from it?s past, prohibiting people in a democratic society causes more and more problems. Legalization also brings on a bunch of other problems, which makes this issue more complicated. The answers aren?t going to fall into place. It is going to take arguments from both sides to come to an agreeable decision, and then and only then is this war on drugs will come to an inevitable end.

Is Science Moving Too Quickly? :: Technology Essays

Is Science Moving Too Quickly? Before when I heard the word science the first thing came to my mind was human cloning. However, recently I started thinking deeper toward this issue. Before, I thought everything about science is unnatural. Scientists are going against God and Human nature. After reading Bishop's and Rifkins's articles my view changed toward science completely. By comparing and contrasting these great scholars, science made more sense to me. In 1995 J. Michael Bishop wrote an article deploring the detractors of scientific advancement and exploration. Likewise, in 1988 (republished in 1998) Jeremy Rifkin wrote an article warning of the dangers of advances in the science of biotechnology and calling for caution in that area. Both men agree on several issues but disagree on many more. The credentials of both men are very different. J. Michael Bishop, a professor of microbiology at UC San Francisco, as the result of "a seemingly obscure observation" (Bishop 239) regarding a virus that causes cancer in chickens, has won a Nobel Prize for identifying genes that are involved in the genesis of human cancer. Jeremy Rifkin is a well-known, well-written, informed, respected social activist, a not-for-profit watchdog for Everyman. Both men mention religion. Bishop is annoyed over having to re-fight battles with "religious zealots" like those who press for the teaching of creationism despite the finding for Darwin's theory in the Scopes trial. Rifkin appeals to them: Human-authored creation could lead to a "laboratory-conceived second Genesis" which could then lead to a "biological Tower of Babel and the spread of chaos throughout the biological world, drowning out the ancient language of creation" (Rifkin 245). Bishop is probably more scientifically knowledgeable overall. However, in the article he makes an interesting point unintentionally not in his favor, regarding scientific ignorance. "[Many adult Americans] do not even know that the Earth circles the Sun" (Bishop 241). Recently, "a prominent member of Congress betrayed his ignorance of how the prostate gland differs from the testes" (Bishop 241). Bishop also says that even scientists do not understand each other. After "laboring mightily" to make a text understandable by the readers of Scientific American, (a magazine not for the uneducated), he was dismayed by the comment of a "solid-state physicist of considerable merit" who asked him, "What exactly is a gene?" (Bishop 242). Likewise he reports that 23 geophysicists could not distinguish between DNA and RNA; a Nobel Prize winning chemist had never heard of plate tectonics; and biologists who thought string theory might have something to do with pasta.

Lavendery Cafe Essay

Levendary Cafe was appointed with a new CEO in January 2011. Mia Foster is a first time CEO with no international management experience, faced with a major challenge at Levendary Cafe, a $10billion US-based fast chain. However, the Levendary Cafe already established in China market while departing CEO Howard Leventhal in the position. Strategically, many of the corporate staff have become concerned that the company’s major expansion into China is moving too far from Levendary’swell defined concepts of store design and menu. Besides that, Mia Foster is also found that Chinese subsidiary submitted all management and financial reports to Denver or likely known as headquarters of Levendary Cafe in its own format. Louis Chen is the president of Levendary China. He is capable of speak Mandarin Chinese and English and had long experience as retail property developer gave him intimate familiarity with neighborhoods in Shanghai and Beijing. Chen also had a network of contacts to help speed up the process of permitting, incorporating, and staffing stores. However, in order to overcome these challenges, Mia Foster had her first video conference meeting with Louis Chen. Since, Mia Foster is not satisfied with financial report format, she urged Louis Chen to make a change. Meanwhile, financial evidence shows that Chen’s efforts have produced strong results and suggests that he knows China far better than U.S headquarters does. Mia Foster wants to protect the integrity of reporting structure. Organizationally, Foster has been frustrated by the apparent unwillingness of Louis Chen to confirm to the company’s planning and reporting processes. Therefore, Chief Franchise officer Peter was flies to China conduct a comprehensive review on the 23 Levendary Cafe in the market. Hence he submitted the detailed description on the 23 Levendary Cafes in China to Mia Foster. Based on the detailed description submitted to the CEO, She found that several Levendary’s Cafe concept of store design and menu was customized without any standardized. Thus, Mia Foster had a second video conference meeting with Louis Chen. During the meeting, Chen response angrily to Foster, he was work hard to begin from zero until 23 Levendary Cafe today and explained the necessitates of differentiation and customization in the foreign market as well. Finally, Foster is aware of the  difficulties of localizing a chain restaurant concept in foreign market. As a result, Foster decided flies to China to meet with Chen personally and to make a decision that will determine the future of Levendary China. Problems When Levendary entered China, they gave Chen the full control over the operations there, although a well-developed detailed plan and a clear tactic of how to implement this plan is a must. However it is clearly this is not the case whereas everything had been handed to Chen from A to Z. The chain of Levendary Cafà © in USA are run by a strict set of rules and allowing modifications only after approval from the concept group regarding the â€Å"look and feel† of the firm. The Levendary Cafà © in China is following a business model which is completely different from that of the US operation model. Chen wanted this cafà © to adapt to the changing tastes of people from place to†¦ Observing the various critical situations mentioned above, the following are the various problems that are to be dealt. The first problem will be the differences in accounting techniques used by China and US. This is a major problem for the HQ of Levendary Cafà © because as it being a listed company it should be as transparent and uniform as possible while preparing its income statements which will be the translated into annual reports and they will be the face of the company in the public. So, translating the income reports from China into reports according to the GAAP principles used in USA is both time taking and increasing the costs. Furthermore, the outlet design standards and menu selection in China are different with US. There are non- standardized operations in China with US. The Levendary Cafà © in China is following a business model which is completely different from that of the US operation model. Chen wanted this cafà © to adapt to the changing tastes of people from place to place. Chen setting up stores according to the local needs rather than following the standardized model adapted by US outlets. He also tried to modify the â€Å"look and feel† of the cafà © according to the locality in which it is operating. For example, the branch at Shanghai’s historic Yu Garden area provided a  takeaway counter with no seating and the branch at North entrance to Beijing’s Forbidden City, replaced classic wooden framed upholstered chairs with aplastic framed alternative besides no salads on its menu which salad is a must on US menu. While the branch at Shanghai, all but one sandwich item had been removed from the menu & replaced by a variety of local. Chen was modifying Levendary’s signature menu items, outlet design standards and the overall cafà © environments without consulting U.S. management. Hence, newly appointed Levendary CEO Mia Foster was faced with a number of pressing matters ranging from how to link Chen and his management team to those in corporate headquarters, to the standardization of future Levendary Cafà © locations. Decision Analysis &Solutions Concluded of the case study, Levendary Cafà © has taught the person who reads particularly business player to concern and obey headquarter, yet disremembering the subordinate within doing business. Even somehow headquarter is not the centre of the truth without doing any respectable communication with the subordinate. The Levendary Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s main person is Mia Foster, as a CEO and Louis Chen, an employee who runs and in charge of the Levendary business in China. By this case, Chen must be obviously maintain the communication and the concern of Levendary China situation to the Headquarter. The situation of Lavendary China must be monitored by consensus and Chinese Operation market. Mia Foster as a CEO, she might more understand the needs of Headquarter and Levendary China market. The operation of the Levendary China will follow the requirements and report by Louis Chen. Generally, the Levendary headquarter must be extra concern about the up-to-date and current issues of the subsidiary office. By the case study, the Levendary China is struggling into the market and competition, how to settle the business in China as well as trying hard to keep an eye on certain rule and regulations of headquarter, essentially those were not be working. Technically, the barrier was facing in Levendary China is about localized the market segmentation. The Levendary China must build the solid and tough team through leading by Chen. Actually, Louis Chen had brilliant idea to draw the excessive concept for Levendary China and would work out with that idea. The only things that Chen needs are reasonable endorsement from Mia Foster and headquarter.

Macbeth Analysis Essay

How is one able to control his or her emotions when the surrounding environment is influencing one personally? Lady Macbeth finds the answer to this simple; impossible. Lady Macbeth continues to be controlled by others subconsciously whether it is through her own control, other actions or pure guilt. The actions of characters and events that occur in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth affect the life and mental wellness of Lady Macbeth directly and cause her to digress from dominant to voyeur, and then finally to victim, causing the play to be more enticing. To start, Lady Macbeth is a dominant, deceiving and determined woman. For example, Lady Macbeth’s dominance and control are shown when she and Macbeth are discussing the plan for King Duncan’s murder. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Your hand, your tongue; look like th’innocent flower,/ But be the serpent under’t.† (1.5.64-65). Lady Macbeth’s control is revealed when she says this because she is openly manipulating Macbeth and telling him how to act and what to do. Also, Lady Macbeth’s dominance is shown while she and Macbeth discuss the murder of Duncan. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"We fail?/ But screw your courage to the sticking-place† (1.7.59-60). When Lady Macbeth says this she shows the audience that she is able to overpower her husband’s courage with her own. Another example of Lady Macbeth’s persona is when she uses her ability to deceive while talking with Duncan upon his arrival to her castle. Lady Macbeth says to Duncan, â€Å"All our service,/ In every point twice done then done double† (1.6.16-17). Her deception is proved when she says this because she is acting like a pleasant host to Duncan’s face but her motives are much less than pleasant. The deception Lady Macbeth shows while talking to Duncan is successful when Duncan falls for it with no suspicion. This is proved when Duncan says, â€Å"Give me your hand;/ Conduct me to mine host: we love him highly/ and shall continue our graces towards him./ By your leave hostess.† Duncan allowing Lady Macbeth to hold his hand indicates that he has a trust in her and does not have a doubt upon the person he see Lady Macbeth as and has no idea about the motives of his host and hostess. Lady Macbeth is able to use her deceptive abilities after the murder of Duncan is committed. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"[Her] hands are of [his] colour, but [she] shame[s] to wear a heart so white.† (2.2.62-68). This quotation means that Lady Macbeth still bares the innocence she had before the deed to the eye of others, hence, having a heart so white. This proven to be true because everyone looks at Lady Macbeth as innocent and pure, as if she could do no harm, but the truth is the total opposite. Also, Lady Macbeth’s determination shows through when she calls upon the dark spirits to give her the courage and strength of a male figure and to relieve her of the womanly kindness she possesses. Lady Macbeth asks for this by saying, â€Å"Come you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here/ And fill me from the crown to the toe topfull/ Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood† (1.5.39-42). The determination of Lady Macbeth is shown in this quote because she is doing something as drastic as calling upon the dark spirits to assist her in committing murder. As a result, Lady Macbeth’s dominating personality is able to pursue to her plan of murdering King Duncan successfully, without resistance from her husband. Secondly, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth’s roles switch, leaving Lady Macbeth standing off, with less control and becoming more of a voyeur to the plans of Macbeth. To start, Lady Macbeth is first being stripped of her control right after Duncan’s death is discovered and Macbeth has killed the guard in order to remove suspicion from him. The audience is aware of this deed when Macbeth says, â€Å"O, yet I do repent me of my fury/ That I did kill them.† (2.3.102-103). Lady Macbeth begins to lose control over this because she had no idea or warning of Macbeth’s killing of the guards. This act also takes a toll on Lady Macbeth’s physical state when it causes her to faint. Lady Macbeth fainting is a sure sign of her losing the control she had earlier because not only are other characters leaving her out but also, her own body is causing her to be in that state as well. Next, Macbeth kills Banquo upon his intuition that Banquo has suspicion towards him in the case of Duncan’s murder. Lady Macbeth was ill-informed on this matter which is yet another sign that she is losing control over the characters that she had control over previously and is now watching the action happen. Also, at a dinner, which Lady Macbeth and Macbeth were hosting together, Lady Macbeth first could not get Macbeth the welcome his guests. This is proved when Lady Macbeth says to Macbeth, â€Å"My royal lord,/ You do not give the cheer; the feast is sold/ That is not often vouch’d while ‘tis a-making ,/ ‘Tis given with welcome. (3.4.33-36). She (Lady Macbeth) als o loses more control over Macbeth at this dinner when she is unable to calm him down when he sees the ghosts of Banquo and Duncan. In this situation Lady Macbeth attempts to gain some control by saying to him, â€Å"You have displac’d the mirth, broke the good meeting/ With most admir’d disorder.† (3.4.109-110). The acting-out of Macbeth leaves Lady Macbeth both astonished and over powered. These two instances especially show Lady Macbeth losing control over, not only situations but other characters themselves. Lastly, Macbeth kills Macduff’s wife and children upon suspicion without Lady Macbeth’s push or permission and neglects to inform her of the deed directly and chooses just to imply it during conversation with her. As the two (Macbeth and Lady Macbeth) are talking Macbeth says, â€Å"Come, we’ll to sleep. My strange and self-abuse/ Is the initiate fear that wants hard use;/ We are yet but young in deed.†(3.4.143-144). When Macbeth says this it has the implication of the commitment of another foul deed which Lady Macbeth is only aware of at this point. Macbeth’s drastic actions cause Lady Macbeth to fall uncontrollably uninformed and into the background. Finally, Lady Macbeth ends the play being dominated by her feelings of guilt and the consequences of Duncan’s murder and ultimately becomes a victim to it. To start, Lady Macbeth begins to sleep walk and admits her affiliation in Duncan’s murder. Proof of Lady Macbeth’s sleep walking is proved when the Gentlewoman (a spectator of the situation) says, â€Å"Ay, but their senses are shut.† (5.1.23). She says this after the doctor (the second spectator of the situation) mentions that Lady Macbeth has her eyes open. The Gentlewoman’s line lets the audience know she is indeed sleep walking for her eyes may be open but there sense is disabled. Also in this scene Lady Macbeth’s self control is shown to have weakened further, when she speaks of Duncan’s murder. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Out, dammed spot! Out, I say! One, two. Why then ‘tis/ time to do’t. Hell is murky, Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier,/ and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when/ none can call our power to account? Yet who would/ have thought the man to have had so much blood/ in him?† (5.1.31-36) and also when she says, â€Å"The Thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now? What,/ will these hands ne’re be clean?† (5.1.38-39). These quotes both prove that she knew and was involved in the murders of Duncan and Macduff’s family and shows that these events are the reason for her stress, guilt and sleep walking, hence being dominated/ being victim to these emotions. Next, Lady Macbeth is being dominated by her feelings of guilt when she is seen washing her hand continuously during her sleep walking. While she is doing this she says, â€Å"Here’s the smell of the blood still; all the perfumes of/ Arabia will not sweeten this litt le hand. O, O, O.† (5.1.44-45). This quote shows that Lady Macbeth is overcome by her guilt because she mentally imagines the blood still being there, following her, her mind lets her believe she is still covered in the blood when in reality the blood is just representing the guilt she is feeling. A second example of Lady Macbeth being dominated by her guilt symbolically is when she is dreaming of/ replaying the scene in while sleep walking. Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"To bed, to bed; there’s knocking at the gate. Come,/ come, come, come, give me your hand; what’s done/ cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed.† (5.1.58-60). This quote directly shows the audience that it is indeed the murder of Duncan which Lady Macbeth is stressing over as it is a deed which â€Å"cannot be undone†. Lastly, Lady Macbeth shows that she is becoming victim to the outcome of events, and more directly herself when she commits suicide. The audience discovers her death when Seyton (another Thane) informs Macbeth of the incident. Seyton says, â€Å"The queen, my lord, is dead.† (5.5.16). Lady Macbeth becomes victim to herself in the way that she sees the only option to relieve her of her painful emotions is to kill herself. Therefore, Lady Macbeth is ultimately dominated and falls victim to the guilt she feels caused by the actions of herself and others. To conclude, the mental state and physical well-being of Lady Macbeth is influenced by the dominance and control of both herself and other characters in the play. Lady Macbeth went from being dominant, deceiving, and determined to being uninformed during the murders Macbeth commits to being over some by her emotions that had built up inside her during all of this. Therefore, Lady Macbeth’s life as the audience knows it is dependable on the outcome of events that Lady Macbeth herself is involved in and/ or witnesses. Temptation was the base of all Lady Macbeth’s problems; it is said â€Å"temptation is the Devil.† What would you risk to get what you want?

Wayne Thiebaud

Wayne Thiebaud is an creative person that has been associated with the Pop Art civilization and besides was portion of the pragmatism that came out of the United States west seashore. Thiebaud ‘s existent life representation of his topic has been seen as one of many beginnings photorealism. Before going a painter, Thiebaud worked in New York City as a mark painter and besides as a cartoonist. He merely began to paint in 1949, integrating accomplishments from his former businesss. Thiebaud is best known for the pictures that are associated with the production line of objects that can be found in diners and cafeterias, such as pies and pastries and others objects of common mundane life. The Neapolitan Pie that I found in the Norton Museum embodies the techniques that he frequently used in his pictures. This picture with its thick pigment adding to the deepness and character led me to desire to larn about the creative person behind it. Thiebaud chose to observe and encompass the delectations of the common topographic point and rendered his realistic pictures with a â€Å" superb oculus for abstraction. † Thiebaud ‘s picture technique can be described as a â€Å" cookery book chronicling those that have added sizzle, flavoring or even sprinkle to its prolific pallet † What he wanted to put out to make was to make a different ocular species, which he described as being the ultimate achievement for all painters. Thiebaud says that art needs changeless motion of different facets of itself in order to remain alive. He besides states that art draws inspiration from everything around it. He is non afraid of demoing in his pictures facets from other creat ive persons who inspired him, â€Å" My universe is one offense†¦ I steal from every creative person around the universe. † This may be why Thiebaud wholly followed creative persons that were before him and besides creative persons who were painting in his clip period. Wayne Thiebaud had many creative persons in Abstract Expressionism and creative persons from Pop Art that he gathered techniques from. There were artistic clip periods that he borrowed facets from and combined with others to bring forth his ain characteristic manner. In this paper I will depict all these facets and how their combination gave rise to the celebrated work we know Wayne Thiebaud for today. Thiebaud was a realist painter and painted at a clip between Abstract Expressionism motion and the Pop Art epoch. His growing as an creative person started from when he was a immature kid and as a adolescent made posting designs and on phase sets for theater. Thiebaud worked at Universal Studios and besides as an illustrator for the advertisement section in New York. He subsequently earned a grade from California State College in Sacramento and this was where he learned and became fond of the all right humanistic disciplines. After this he began to analyze art history books intensively and the pictures in them, including the passages in the plants from period to period. Thiebaud, while working, became friends with and interested in the plants of art from Willem De Kooning and Franz Kline who were abstract expressionist painters. This was a â€Å" American station World War II art motion. † the predecessor of this art motion is surrealism, which features elements of surprise an d unexpected appositions. Willem De Kooning besides was involved with action picture, whose features are self-generated, splashed, or smeared onto a canvas. Kooning provinces, â€Å" Peoples are ever seeking to interrupt the dorsums of pictures by anticipating things which pictures can non make†¦ it ‘s merely a picture. A God damned painting. Just a small thing you smear stuff on. You merely hope in the smearing that you have n't insulted people that you ‘re inquiring to look at it. † This statement was a great influence in determining the ideas of Thiebaud. He saw this as a quintessential thought for bring forthing plants of art By the early 1960 ‘s the pictures he had produced now began to derive tenseness, balance, and grace. He placed the signifiers first and objects were pushed frontward and set in a relevant order. He had been doing statements like this with his Neapolitan Pie for old ages before others but was packed together with other creative persons in the Pop Art period when the motion surfaced. Pop Art was a tradition that challenged the graphics at that clip and wanted to demo that anything the creative person used, which was of mass-production of popular civilization could can be connected with all right art. It was widely seen as a reaction and enlargement of the dominant thoughts of abstract pragmatism, which was a self-generated or subconscious creative activity. Pop Art does non mention straight to the art that they made, but the thoughts that moved the whole motion itself. During this clip, Thiebaud besides saw plants of art from the earliest dad creative persons Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns whose pictures were based on Abstract Expressionism to Pop Art. What Thiebaud did was abandoned most of the thoughts that Pop Art committed itself to and respond against it, which is surprising since he was seen as a critical portion to this period. The work that Thiebaud produced is described as â€Å" nostalgic positions of popular civilization and the American scene with which viewing audiences of all sorts can easy place. † Most pictures in the Pop Art period were more daunting for those sing the work in museums and sometimes were excessively rough to appreciate. What Thiebaud said was â€Å" I am non a card transporting Pop creative person†¦ I do n't wish much of it. † Pop to him was more of a concern than an operation of honest picture and he had excessively much regard for the original merchandises that they played off of to be a portion of Pop Art. So while this art period was taking off Thiebaud decided that he was traveling to travel on and became a professor at U-C Davis. Another influence of Wayne Theibaud was of Abstract Expressionism, which was traveling on in the clip he produced work, and can be seen â€Å" in the midst brushstrokes and bold usage of coloring material † which was a changeless subject in his plants. Thiebaud began to paint images based on nutrient that he would see displayed in Windowss, concentrating non on what he was painting but more on the form of the objects. What impacted his picture this manner was his disposition for simple objects, borrowing facets of layouts for ads that he did while working as a cartoonist and mark painter. His simpleness to his designs could be understood and recognized as a method that he took into his pictures. This would besides be around the 1960 ‘s and Thiebaud wanted to demo word pictures of the mundane American life while demoing a new attack to art, representational art. Artists such as Stuart Davis and his Odol Bottle and Gerald Murphy and his Safety Razor were visions of the com ing pop civilization epoch even before Thiebaud began to paint work that would suit into it. As Thiebaud continued to work influences from other creative persons could be seen in his work like the pictures of Giorgio Morandi like his Still Life. Thiebaud long admired Giorgio ‘s work â€Å" for their brooding lull, the tangible sense of drawn-out looking that they convey, and their delicate, varied effects achieved with apparently minimum agencies. † The influence of this was non merely in how Thiebaud structured his work, but besides by how he manipulated the visible radiation and the slow moving shots to heighten the signifier of the object. This facet of pull stringsing visible radiation besides was something he used in his marks and plants, doing a shadow where there is none to pull the oculus to countries that there would be none and giving the work deepness. This facet was besides borrowed from the tromp l'oeil ( gull the oculus ) painter John Peto, who painted the Letter Rack, who besides was said to hold an influence on Thiebaud. Due to this influence, Thiebaud would ne'er hold any infinite of where the object would go forth the page it would be represented in its entireness demoing the readers that it would non be existent. He would set up the object in his picture into a shallow infinite and used shadows, as antecedently stated, to propose some signifier of deepness without there really being any deepness ; tromp l'oeil. The Neapolitan Pie and all the plants Thiebaud has produced had noteworthy influences from his background and creative persons whom he studied and who had an influence on what he produced. Thiebaud had a manner of dragging his pigment across his canvas in a smooth manner that would heighten the juicy textures of oil and transform itself into the really object that he was seeking to portray. This, by the creative persons, refers to object transference and roots can besides be traced to Morandi, but besides in creative persons such as Joaquin Sorolla. He painted objects that are common placed around any single as those of Stuart Davis and Gerald Murphy. Thiebaud had a strong disposition in painting common objects much earlier than those of the Pop civilization motion. When Thiebaud foremost began to paint these common objects though he found it humourous and channeled his cartoonist abilities with his row of pies: â€Å" When I painted the first row of pies, I can retrieve sitting and express joying – kind of a cockamamie alleviation – ‘Now I have flipped out! ‘ The one thing that allowed me to make that was holding been a cartoonist. I did one and thought, â€Å" That ‘s truly brainsick, but no 1 is traveling to look at these things anyhow, so what the heck. † However with all of his pastry pictures he handled the pigment in a manner that makes his work really typical. His pictures bring forth a pragmatism of complete ocular delectation. He made anew the representational capable affair with a bold pallet and used his adept show of brushwork acquired from the Abstract Expressionists he admired. Wayne Thiebaud copied from the Masterss because he respected art so much that he wanted to larn from those greats that came before him. What he did was add his ain manner to it so as to spread out on what he learned into a different class, so as to be seen in a new visible radiation. He delighted in the plants of other art periods like Abstract Expressionism and Realism and saw it as an honor to analyze an be apart of the art motion. He rejected the thoughts of the Pop Art motion that he was classified in because he respected the art work they ridiculed excessively much to do a jeer of it. He was said as feeling honoured that he was able to use himself and that he became a force in the artistic motion that is still germinating today. His work will everlastingly be a basic and used as a tool for creative person that come behind him to analyze learn from and lucubrate on.